Identifying Russulas
22nd July 2015
Going back a fair few years I suppose one of the families of mushrooms I first started experimenting with as a forager is the very large Russula or Brittle Gill family.
I had already learnt the basics, the most obvious, safest and well know mushrooms, and I suggest everyone starts with those. See our wild mushrooms for beginners article Though spending a bit of time learning a bit about this family has probably enhanced almost every fungi foray I have been on since. Identifying the Russula family (in most cases) is pretty easy, they are very common, very colourful and lots of them are edible!
The Russulas are often overlooked as as edible option in the UK. Though in other European countries some are collected regularly for eating, and I consider a few of them to be very good edibles.
Caution is required when collecting Russula as even in the UK some can make you quite ill. The Geranium Scented Russula is listed as poisonous by some sources and The Sickeners or Emetic Russulas do as the name suggests. There are no deadly poisonous members in the UK. Though one family member (Russula subnigricans) found in China, Japan, and reportedly even the US, has been listed as deadly.
By sight it can be extremely hard, if not impossible to tell exactly what Russula you have found without the aid of a microscope; but in the UK at least, there is a simple edibility test that applies to the whole Russula family.
Before you can test a Russula to see if it’s edible you have to be 100% sure you have a Russula!
There are at least 200 species of Russula in the UK. There are a huge number of different coloured caps within this family making individual identification very difficult and many other completely different mushrooms can look similar, Death Caps for example have a white stem and gills, a colourful cap, are of a similar size, and the veil can wash off to leave a reasonably Russula looking mushroom! The Milk cap Family too can look similar and are in fact closely related having rounded cells that are also brittle.
First spotting a Russula can be quite easy due to their normally bright coloured caps. The common
yellow Russula being one of the most frequently found mushrooms in the UK due to the way its bright yellow cap stands out from the forest floor.
The caps are generally very round and with some exceptions they are generally one bright colour. Red, yellow, purple, green, white and grey are all fairly common, with numerous shades of each.
Most stay medium sized in mushroom terms. The cap normally won’t get more than 8cm in diameter, though again there are many exceptions to this.
Height wise 6 – 10 cm is the norm for mature specimens.
None have rings or skirts on the stem, and none grow from an egg sack.
All have reasonably stout, straight stems up to 2cm in diameter, but never thin or hollow unless slug eaten. The stems often resemble a bit of white chalk. They are firm though grainy in texture and snap in a similar way chalk too. They are normally white, though again there are a couple of exceptions to this rule.
A bit of knowledge about the Russula family history will help with the rest of your family ID. The Russula family broke away from the rest of the fungi world millions of years ago and decided to go on its own evolutionary path. While on this path they developed a rounded cell structure whereas most mushrooms, and in fact most living things are made up oval not round cells. These round cells have a t
angible effect on the Russula family, as have a completely different texture (when raw) to most other mushrooms.
The only other common family of mushrooms that shares this cell structure is the Milk Caps. This family of mushrooms are even easier to ID than the Russula though as they will exude milk of various colours when damaged. The Russula family do not ever exude milk when damaged.
Basically round cells do not hold together as well as oval cells, and because of this the stem of a Russula will snap a bit like a piece of chalk. The flesh of the stems is also more grainy to the touch than other mushroom flesh.
The Gills of a Russula which are almost always white will also break in a different way to other mushrooms. If you draw your finger over them they will flake a bit like almonds (As shown on the right)
instead of going floppy or springing back into place.
I know I’ve said there are exceptions to each of these rules, but there is only one exception to the flaked gills test, and that is the best edible of the lot.
The Charcoal Burner, or Russula Cyanoxantha, which has less brittle gills than all the other members of the family. Ranging in colour from greenish to purple and often slightly cloudy, it is it is similar to lots of Russula; but if you run your finger over the gills of the charcoal burner they shouldn’t flake.
Once you are 100% sure you have a Russula, you can then carry out the test to see if it is edible or not.
This is also a test of bravery the first few times you do it :). So again ONLY if you are 100% sure you have a Russula! Have a tiny nibble of the flesh and leave the slightly chewed bit on the tip of your tongue for about 15 seconds.
If you start to feel a burning a bit like a hot chilly then spit it out. Doing this with even the most toxic Russula will not harm you in any way.
There are a number of Russulas not to eat, the Sickener and the Beechwood Sickener stand out, not only because of their name, but because they are both bright red.
Red is a well known warning colour in nature, so stay away from red ones in general to be 100% safe.
There are a few red edibles in this family though, and the taste test will quickly let you know if you have one of the sickeners.
The Sickeners are considered the most toxic in the family and it will make you sick, but only if you eat one, not nibble a bit and spit it out. This mushroom is very hot on the tongue.
The Geranium Scented Russula was considered poisonous because it is very hot when nibbled but is more acrid and inedible.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! NEVER USE THE NIBBLE TEST FOR ANY OTHER FAMILY OF FUNGI !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I must have nibbled thousands of Russula in my life so far, and have personally never had any ill effect from doing so. Though be aware you use the contents of this article at your own risk.
The edible Russulas all smell and taste edible. With the common yellow Russula having a bit of a peppery kick. Some of the ones not to eat will smell caustic or like the Fetid Russula not very nice at all.
35 comments for Identifying Russulas
Really enjoyed your description, thank you
How peppery is peppery? Im worried I can’t tell between pepper and chili
Hi Amy, if you can just about detect some heat it is ok, any more peppery and I would leave the mushroom. If in doubt wait until you find a Russula with no heat. This test is negated if you eat very hot chillis or curries, you must know your own heat tolerance to be able to safely forage for Russulas.
Hi Eric,
I have found these Shroom’s at the river bank on my property. I’ve done the nibble test and no reaction but wanted to get a more experienced person before I pluck, slice and put in with my food. Any help would be great, thank you.
Russula rubescens
Thanks for any info.
Hi Mark, no images have come through. Could you send photos for ID to [email protected]
Lots of useful clues here.
Excellent article.
You can taste and spit any mushroom safely.
No, although you are unlikely to poison yourself nibbling a tiny piece of mushroom and spitting it out some of the mushrooms out there are too dangerous to take the chance and I would only recommend using the nibble test on a Russula.
Also, many types of mushroom the taste doesn’t tell you any useful information! Russula, Lactarius and some boletes are the main place it’s useful for a forager to taste.
Brief and eloquent brilliant article. Good job.
Correct you CAN safely taste and spit any mushroom.
The top mycologists do this all the time even with poisonous mushrooms such as Death cap. It can be an important part of ID.
You need to actually swallow a poisonous mushroom to be harmed by it. The poisons are not absorbed through the tissues in the mouth.
We only recommend using the taste test on members of the Russula genus. There is no need to taste test members of the Amanita genus as they are easy to ID in the field. There are a few exceptions but most IDs can be worked out without having to use the taste test. Although not particularly harmful, if chewed gently and spat out, there is no need in most cases.
Damn it. We have a whole field of russulas ranging from lighter red to deep red. I tried the flake test and was thrilled to see them flake reassuringly. I then broke a small piece from one of the darker ones and placed it on my tongue. It burned instantly. I will leave them all to grow in peace….
We came across the sickener today, in a pine forest in w.ireland. My wife swears she felt heat in her fingers just from picking one up. Thanks to your foraging guide we knew what it was so left it behind.
What if they don’t have a taste. Should I keep them or throw away ?
As long as it is a Russula, if it doesn’t have a hot, peppery taste, it is edible.
Great article thank you very much!
hi, i read somewhere else that it was safe to do the peppery taste test on russulas to identify an edible russula that were not red, white or pink. I think you’re saying that it can be done to identify the edibility of a russual of any colour. Is that rights? Also the test i read said to do it for 40 seconds, whereas here you say 15seconds.
I’d love to apply it to red, white and pink ones too!!
The red Russulas tend to be poisonous but not all of them. You pick up heat after 15 seconds, if not the mushroom may only contain trace amounts of toxin that will not affect you.
I have learnt to boil all Russula’s for at least 1hr+, discarding the water, before using for food prep. This is a way of avoiding any possible poisoning. The downside is of course you od loose quite abit of taste. ANy advice on how you guys prepare Russula’s?
As long as you are 100% sure it is a Russula, the nibble test will keep you safe. If there is any chilli or pepper like burn, don’t eat the mushroom, if is not hot, it is edible.
Thank you for the helpful article. In it you discuss the Common Yellow Russula, Roger Philips’ Mushrooms book has several yellow Russulas but none with the name of Common Yellow. Please can you tell me which one you consider the Common Yellow? Thank you.
In my old 70’s Roger Phillips book the Common Yellow Russula is Russula ochraleuca. As far as I’m aware it is still called that although it might be missing from later editions of Rogers book.
Common yellow is ochre brittlegill.
Some purplish russula have purple or reddish stalks,these are not edible either.white stalks and no heat when nibbled.
Really useful desciption. Reassurringly detailed. Thank you
Hi there, I’m pretty sure I found a Russula today- all the hall marks you have described, shape of cap, gill colour, chalk snap white stem, and I carried out the finger flaking test to which they didn’t break. So I think I may have a Charcoal burner. Nibble test revealed no heat. Only thing that’s throwing me off is the colour…it’s a deep red-purple. Can this be the case on Charcoal Burners?
The Charcoal Burner usually has a variety of colours on the cap but not deep red. There are over 200 Russulas in the UK so they can be difficult genus to ID to species. If you are certain you have a Russula, we do the nibble test. Place a tiny piece of the cap on the end of your tongue and lightly chew it for 15-20 seconds. If it burns the end of your tongue like chilli or pepper, it is toxic, if it tastes horrible, it will taste similar when cooked, if it tastes pleasant and doesn’t burn your tongue, it is edible. Even if toxic, this will do you no harm as long as you spit it out.
Thanks Eric, nibble test gave no heat. Could I possibly send you a picture? just incase I’ve described the colour wrongly
Send photos to [email protected]
Hi, I have a small, white, white gilled, pale spored fungi with flaky gills and hollow stem, which to me says Russula. However the gills are fairly strongly decurrent, ending haphazardly down the stem. Could this still be a Russula, or more likely a Clitocybe?
If you can send in photos of the cap, stem and gills and tell us where it was growing and any smells from the mushroom, we’ll try to ID it for you.
It doesn’t sound like a Russula. Send the info to [email protected]
Hi there, just, when doing the nibbling test, how exactly is an edible Russula supposed to taste like? Thanks!
An edible Russula will taste of mushroom with no peppery or chilli like heat.
And will peppery taste be present exclusively on poisonous ones? Or also on non-edible nor poisonous species too
I mean, how do non-edible nor poisonous Russulas taste like?