allantoid: |
(spore shape) sausage or bean shaped (elongated & curved; |
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adnate: |
(of gills) connected to the stem by whole depth of gill, e.g. Stropharia aeruginosa; |
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adnexed: |
(of gills) connected to the stem by part of the depth of the gill; |
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adpressed: |
closely flattened onto surface; |
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agaric: |
general term for a fungus with gills; |
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appendiculate: |
fringed with remains of the veil, e.g. Lacrymaria velutina; |
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appressed: |
closely flattened onto surface; |
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basidia: |
club-shaped cells on which spores are produced in Basidiomycetes; |
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Basidiomycetes: |
a major and very diverse group of fungi, including gill fungi, boletes, polypores, clavarias, jelly fungi; |
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basidiospore: |
reproductive cell of the Basidiomycetes; |
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bulb: |
abrupt swelling at stem base; |
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bulbous: |
swollen into a bulb, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus; |
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campanulate: |
bell-shaped, e.g. Conocybe lactea; |
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capillitium: |
mass of sterile threadlike fibres among the spores in the Gasteromycetes which may aid spore dispersal; |
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capitate: |
with a round head; |
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cartilaginous: |
firm but flexible, as opposed to granular; |
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cheilocystidia: |
cystidia on the gill edge; |
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chlamydospore: |
a thick-walled, non-deciduous spore; |
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chrysocystidia: |
cystidia with granular contents which turn yellowish in alkali solutions; |
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clamp connection: |
a hyphal outgrowth connecting the two adjoining cells resulting from a cell division bypassing the dividing cell wall and apparently involved in the movement of nuclei; |
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clavate: |
club-like, e.g. Clitocybe clavipes; |
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concolorous: |
being of the same colour; |
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conidia; conidium (pl): |
refers to the asexual, non-motile spores of some fungal species. Sometimes it is called mitospores because they are generated through a process called mitosis (when the chromosomes are separated to two nuclei); |
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coralloid: |
much-branched, coral-like; |
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cortina: |
(adjective cortinate) weblike covering running between the stem and cap edge enclosing the gills, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus; |
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cortinal zone: |
feint remnant of cortina on stem; |
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crescentric: |
crescent-like in form; |
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cuticle: |
the surface tissue layer of the cap or stalk; |
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cystidiole: |
a sterile cell protruding beyond the spore-bearing surface; |
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cystidium: |
(plural cystidia) a sterile cell, variable in shape, occurring between basidia in the sporebearing surface, or in other parts of the fruit body; |
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daedaleoid: |
labyrinthoid. The term is originated of the name of the former genus: Daedalea; |
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decurrent tooth: |
(of gill) where only the narrow end portion of the gill runs down the stem; |
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decurrent: |
(of gills) running down the stem, e.g. Clitocybe infundibuliformis; |
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dendroid: |
tree-like; |
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dermatocystidia: |
cystidia on the cap surface; |
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dextrinoid: |
turning reddish-brown with iodine solutions such as Melzer’s; |
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dichotomously: |
(branched) branching repeatedly in two; |
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dimitic: |
having two kinds of hyphae; |
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eccentric: |
(of stem) off centre, not centred in the cap; |
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ellipsoid: |
oval shaped; |
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emarginate: |
(of gills) see sinuate; |
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fibril: |
a small fibre; |
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fibrillose: |
covered with small fibres; |
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filiform: |
thread-like; |
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fimbriate: |
fringed; |
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flexuose, flexuous: |
undulating; |
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floccose: |
cottony, covered with cottony tufts; |
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floccule: |
a small, loosely aggregated bit of material (e.g., on the stem of Leccinum species); |
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fugacious: |
short-lived, fleeting; |
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fusiform: |
spindle-shaped, narrowing at both ends; |
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fusoid: |
somewhat spindle-shaped; |
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Gasteromycetes: |
Characterized by the presence of Basidia; a large, diverse group within the Basidiomycetes characterised by the basidiospores maturing within the fruit body; includes puff-balls, earth stars, stinkhorns and birds-nest fungi;
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germ-pore: |
a differentiated area in a spore wall which may give rise to a germination tube; |
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glabrous: |
(describing a surface) bald; |
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gleba: |
fleshy mycelial tissue which contains the spore-bearing cavities present in asteromycetes; |
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granulate: |
covered with tiny particles; |
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guttation: |
secreting sticky droplets without any sort of cell damage; |
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guttule: |
small oil like drop inside a fungal spore (visible under microscopy) |
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hyaline: |
clear or colourless and refers to spores without any colour if observed under a microscope; |
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hygrophanous: |
translucent in appearance when wet, paler and more opaque when dry; |
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hymenium: |
spore-bearing surface; |
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hypha: |
(plural hyphae) a single filament, the basic unit forming the fungus (adjective hyphal); |
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immarginate: |
without a distinct edge; |
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infundibuliform: |
funnel-shaped; |
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innate: |
inseparable, bedded in; |
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intercalary: |
between two cells; |
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lageniform: |
shaped like a narrow-necked flask; |
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lanceolate: |
elongate and tapering towards both ends; |
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latex: |
a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of Lactarius species when cut or broken; |
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marginate: |
(bulb) having a well-defined edge, e.g. Cortinarius amoenolens; |
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milk: |
a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of Lactarius species when cut or broken; |
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mycelium: |
(plural mycelia) a vegetative stage of a fungus comprising a thread-like to felt-like mass; |
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palmate: |
having lobes radiating from a central point, like fingers on a hand; |
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papillate: |
having a small, nipple-like protuberance; |
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paraphyses: |
sterile hyphal filaments interspersed between the asci; |
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partial veil: |
see veil; |
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pellicle: |
a detachable skin-like cuticle; |
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peridioles: |
pea-shaped structures containing the spores; |
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perithecia: |
flask-shaped spore producing chambers found in the Pyrenomycetes group of Ascomycetes; |
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pleurocystidia: |
cystidia on gill sides; |
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pore: |
(of polypores) the mouth of a tube; |
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pruinose: |
having a flour-like dusting; |
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punctate: |
minutely dotted or pitted; |
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pyriform: |
pear-shaped; |
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recurved: |
bent back; |
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reflexed: |
turned sharply back or up; |
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resupinate: |
lying flat on the substrate, with the spore-producing layer outwards; |
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reticulum: |
a network of raised ridges found on surface of stem or spores of some mushrooms’ rhizoid root-like structure; |
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rhizoid: |
root-like structure; |
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rhizomorph: |
cord-like structure comprising a mass of hyphae; |
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ring zone: |
feint mark where ring has been; |
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ring: |
remains of partial veil, only present in some Agarics (see partial veil); |
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saccate: |
bag-like; |
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saprotrophic: |
decomposer; the organism feeds on already dead organic materials; |
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sclerotium: |
(plural sclerotia) a firm, rounded mass of hyphae, often giving rise to a fruit body; |
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scurfy: |
surface covered with tiny flakes or scales; |
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septate: |
divided by cell walls; |
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sessile: |
without a stem; |
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sinuate: |
(of gills) = emarginated notched just before joining the stem, e.g. Hebeloma crustuliniforme; |
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spinulose: |
finely spiny; |
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spore print: |
deposit of spores falling from cap-placed gills or pores downwards on a sheet of paper or glass; |
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spore: |
general term for the reproductive unit of a fungus, usually consisting of a single cell which may germinate to produce a hypha from which a new mycelium arises (see ascospore, basidiospore); |
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sporulating: |
producing spores; |
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squamous, squamulose: |
having small scales; |
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squamule: |
a small scale; |
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stellate: |
star-like; |
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striate: |
with fine lines; |
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stroma; stromata pl. |
a cushion-like mass of solid mycelium, containing numerous asci;
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subfusiform: |
almost or imperfectly spindle shaped; |
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subglobose: |
almost or imperfectly spherical; |
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subrufescens: |
almost or imperfectly reddish; |
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substrate: |
refers to a natural environment on which the organism lives; |
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sulcate: |
grooved; |
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tomentose: |
covered with densely matted woolly hairs |
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tuberculate: |
with small wart-like nodules; |
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tubes: |
spore-producing layer in certain fungi, e.g. Boletus pinicola; |
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umbo: |
a central hump on a cap like a shield boss; |
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umbonate: |
having an umbo; |
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utriform: |
bag or bladder-like; |
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veil: |
Protective tissue enclosing the developing fruit body. Universal veil encloses the whole developing fruit body; partial veil (of agarics and certain boletes) joins the edge of the cap to the stem enclosing the developing spore-producing surface and, in some, generally later forming the ring or cortina (adjective velar);
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ventricose: |
inflated or swollen; |
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vermiform: |
worm-like; |
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verrucose: |
with small rounded warts; |
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vesicle: |
small bladder-like sac (adjective vesicular); |
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vesiculose: |
formed of vesicles; |
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vinaceous: |
wine-coloured; |
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volva: |
Cup-like bag enclosing the stem base in some agarics, the remains of the universal veil; |